Coubertin y los concursos artísticos en los juegos olímpicos modernos / Coubertin and the artistic competitions in the modern olympic games

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la importancia que tenía para Coubertin la inclusión de concursos artísticos en el programa oficial de los Juegos Olímpicos modernos. Se estudiará cómo, cuándo y por qué surgió la idea en Coubertin de unir de manera armoniosa las artes y las letras a los Juegos Olímpicos, como ya ocurriera en la antigua Olimpia. En los Juegos Olímpicos de Estocolmo de 1912, se celebraron por primera vez competiciones deportivas y concursos artísticos, cumpliéndose el anhelo de Coubertin. Sin embargo, después de siete citas olímpicas en las que se habían celebrado concursos artísticos, el COI decidió suprimirlos en 1949, sustituyéndolos por «Olimpíadas Culturales», «exhibiciones» o «exposiciones». La metodología de este estudio es histórica y se fundamenta en fuentes primarias y secundarias. Como conclusión, para Coubertin fueron tan importantes los concursos artísticos en los Juegos Olímpicos modernos que tuvieron el mismo rango que las competiciones deportivas (AU)

The aim of this essay is to analyse the importance that Coubertin gave to including the artistic competitions in the official programme of the modern Olympic Games. It will be studied how, when and why Coubertin's idea of harmoniously joining arts and letters to the Olympic Games appeared, as it had already happened in ancient Olympia. In the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912, sport and artistic competitions were celebrated for the first time, fulfilling thus Coubertin's longing. However, after seven Olympic events where artistic competitions had been held, the IOC decided to eliminate them in 1949 and to replace them for «Cultural Olympics», «exhibitions» or «expositions». The methodology of this study is historical and based on primary and secondary sources. In conclusion, to Coubertin the artistic competitions in the modern Olympic Games were so important as to have the same status as the sport competitions (AU)

NF-kappa B is required for the development of tumor spheroids.

Tumor cells cultured in three-dimensional models provide a more realistic and biologically meaningful analysis of the initial phases of cancer development and drug resistance. Several studies have demonstrated that culture of cancer cells in three dimensions induces cellular resistance to a variety of anti-neoplastic drugs by poorly understood mechanisms. The role of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) in the onset and development of drug resistance during tumor spheroid growth has not been established. In this work, we found a significant increase in the activity and expression of NF-kappaB and its downstream target XIAP (X-linked IAP) in cancer cells grown as multi-cellular tumor spheroids. Blocking XIAP expression with RNA interference markedly increased the sensitivity of cancer tumor spheroid cells toward anti-neoplastic drugs, indicating a role for IAPs in establishing drug resistance. In turn, inhibition of NF-kappaB by negative dominants suppressed spheroid formation, whereas overexpression of the upstream kinase IkappaBKbeta increased their growth and resistance. The present data suggested that NF-kappaB and its downstream target XIAP were essential for the growth and drug resistance of small avascular tumor.